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Stanley Fischer, a former top policymaker at the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of Israel whose thinking was highly influential among generations of economists, has died at the age of 81.
斯坦利•费希尔(Stanley Fischer)，近日去世，享年81岁。他曾任美国联邦储备系统(US Federal Reserve)和以色列央行(Bank of Israel)的高级决策者，其思想对几代经济学家产生了深远影响。
A former vice-chair of the Fed, Fischer also served at the IMF, where as first deputy managing director he worked on the response to the Asian and Russian crises of the late 1990s. He also served as chief economist at the World Bank.
前美联储副主席费希尔还曾在国际货币基金组织(IMF)任职，担任第一副总裁期间，参与应对了20世纪90年代末的亚洲和俄罗斯危机。他还曾担任世界银行(World Bank)的首席经济学家。
Fischer’s death was announced on Sunday by the Bank of Israel, where he served as governor from 2005 to 2013. The country’s president Isaac Herzog paid tribute to him as “a world-class professional, a man of integrity, with a heart of gold”.
费希尔的去世于周日由以色列(Israel)央行宣布，他曾于2005年至2013年担任该行行长。以色列总统艾萨克•赫尔佐格(Isaac Herzog)向他致敬，称其为“一位世界级的专业人士，正直无私，拥有一颗金子般的心”。
While he attained some of the most senior positions in global economics, Fischer’s career was no less significant because of his academic and teaching work, including at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
尽管费希尔在全球经济领域担任过一些最高级别的职位，但他在学术和教学方面的成就同样重要，其中包括他在麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT)的工作。
Former European Central Bank president Mario Draghi and former Fed chair Ben Bernanke were among the students whose PhD dissertations he helped supervise.
他曾协助指导过博士论文的学生中，包括前欧洲央行(European Central Bank)行长马里奥•德拉吉(Mario Draghi)和前美联储主席本•伯南克(Ben Bernanke)。
“The human dimension of Stan’s work was as impressive and impactful as his brilliant economic analysis and his remarkable communication skills,” said Mohamed El-Erian, president of Queens’ College Cambridge and chief economic adviser at Allianz.
剑桥大学王后学院(Queens' College Cambridge)院长、安联首席经济顾问穆罕默德•埃里安(Mohamed El-Erian)表示：“斯坦工作的‘人性维度’与他卓越的经济分析和出色的沟通能力一样令人印象深刻且具有影响力。”
“This quality was consistently evident — whether in his approach to individual country reform cases, his pursuit of a comprehensive, durable, and just peace in the Middle East or his contributions to the functioning of the international economic order.”
“无论是在他处理各国改革案例的方法中，还是在他致力于推动中东地区全面、持久且公正的和平，亦或是在他为国际经济秩序的运作所作出的贡献中，这种品质始终如一地展现出来。”
Born in the 1940s in Zambia when it was the UK protectorate of Northern Rhodesia, Fischer was the son of Philip, a Jewish immigrant from Latvia who owned a country store in the town of Mazabuka, and Ann, who was born in Cape Town and was the daughter of Lithuanian immigrants.
费希尔出生于20世纪40年代的赞比亚，当时这里还是英国的北罗得西亚(Northern Rhodesia)保护地。他的父亲菲利普是一位来自拉脱维亚的犹太移民，在马扎布卡镇经营着一家乡村商店；母亲安出生于开普敦(Cape Town)，是立陶宛移民的女儿。
Fischer later recalled growing up surrounded by farmers with the influence of colonialism prominent in his upbringing. “I am a product of the British empire, there is no question about it,” he told the Financial Times in 2017. His family later moved to Southern Rhodesia, where as a teenager he got to know his future wife Rhoda, who died in 2020.
费希尔后来回忆说，他在农民环绕的环境中长大，殖民主义对他的成长影响深远。“我就是大英帝国的产物，这一点毋庸置疑，”他在2017年接受英国《金融时报》采访时表示。后来，他的家人搬到了南罗得西亚(Southern Rhodesia)，在那里，他十几岁时结识了未来的妻子罗达(Rhoda)。罗达先于他在2020年去世。
Fischer studied economics at the London School of Economics, launching an academic career that would also take him to MIT, where he received a PhD in economics in 1969 and ultimately a professorship.
费希尔曾在伦敦政治经济学院(London School of Economics)学习经济学，开启了他的学术生涯。随后，他前往麻省理工学院，于1969年获得经济学博士学位，并最终成为该校教授。
His academic work in the 1970s proved to be groundbreaking as he built up the idea that activist central banks could stimulate the economy, becoming a leading figure in New Keynsian economics. His published work included the influential book Macroeconomics, co-authored with Rudi Dornbush and Richard Startz.
他在20世纪70年代的学术工作被证明具有开创性，他提出了积极干预的中央银行能够刺激经济的理念，成为新凯恩斯主义经济学的领军人物之一。他的著作包括与鲁迪•多恩布什(Rudi Dornbush)和理查德•斯塔兹(Richard Startz)合著的具有影响力的《宏观经济学》。
He joined the World Bank in 1988 before becoming the number two official in the IMF in 1994, serving under Michel Camdessus. His period at the Fund proved to be a turbulent one with the eruption of the emerging market crises of the 1990s.
他于1988年加入世界银行，1994年成为国际货币基金组织的二号人物，在米歇尔•康德苏(Michel Camdessus)手下任职。他在基金组织的任期正值动荡时期，经历了20世纪90年代新兴市场危机的爆发。
He later moved to Citigroup, where he worked as vice-chair. A dual US-Israeli citizen, Fischer joined the Bank of Israel in 2005, where he helped steer the country through the turmoil of the global financial crisis that erupted later in the decade.
他后来加入了花旗集团，担任副董事长。作为拥有美国和以色列双重国籍的费希尔，他于2005年加入以色列央行，并在随后爆发的全球金融危机期间，帮助该国成功应对了动荡局势。
He joined the Fed in 2014, serving on the board under Janet Yellen. His period at the Fed was marked by internal disagreements over interest rates, as Fischer advocated for a more hawkish approach to policy than Yellen.
他于2014年加入美联储，在珍妮特•耶伦(Janet Yellen)领导下担任董事会成员。在美联储任职期间，内部就利率问题出现了分歧，因为费希尔主张比耶伦更为鹰派的政策立场。
After the first Trump administration took power in 2017 he was vocal about the risks of financial regulation being thrown into reverse, something he described as “extremely dangerous and extremely short-sighted”.
2017年，特朗普政府首次上台后，他直言不讳地指出，金融监管有被逆转的风险，并称这种做法“极其危险且极其短视”。
“I had a picture of the world economy in which the United States was an anchor, not a source of volatility,” Fischer said at the time.
费希尔当时表示：“在我对世界经济的设想中，美国是一个锚，而不是波动的来源。”
Fischer resigned from his position at the Fed in late 2017, more than six months before the post was due to end, saying in a letter to President Donald Trump that his departure was for personal reasons.
费希尔于2017年底辞去了他在美联储的职位，比任期原定结束时间提前了六个多月。他在致总统唐纳德•特朗普(Donald Trump)的信中表示，离职是出于个人原因。
At the time Lawrence Summers, former US Treasury Secretary, wrote in the FT that “through his teaching, writing, advising and leading Stan has had as much influence on global money as anyone in the last generation”.
当时，美国前财政部长劳伦斯•萨默斯(Lawrence Summers)在英国《金融时报》上写道：“通过他的教学、著作、咨询和领导，斯坦在全球货币领域的影响力，在过去一代人中可与任何人媲美。”
Former IMF chief economist Olivier Blanchard paid tribute to Fischer on social media on Sunday, saying: “He was an outstanding economist, an outstanding policymaker, but even more importantly, a great human being.”
前国际货币基金组织首席经济学家奥利维尔•布兰查德(Olivier Blanchard)周日在社交媒体上向费希尔致敬，他表示：“他是一位杰出的经济学家、杰出的政策制定者，但更重要的是，他是一位伟大的人。”